A sophisticated command system must be in operation that will aid in managing the early stage of the disaster effectively. These latter considerations are required for the efficient running of any event, but of themselves, they do not encompass what is required in the event of a mass casualty event such as a stampede. 33–35 Factors to be considered when planning for large events include the type and duration of the event, climate, predicted weather patterns, physical plant and location characteristics, routes of ingress and egress, age and baseline health of attendees, availability of beds in local hospitals, trauma destination protocols, and levels of care to be provided on site. Mass gathering events require extensive coordination of various agencies (e.g., emergency medical services, fire and police departments, local emergency departments and hospitals, and local government agencies including public health departments) as discussed in the National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) position paper on mass gathering medical care and Medical Directors Checklist. Human stampedes can occur at venues with or without organized medical care. Mills, in Ciottone's Disaster Medicine (Second Edition), 2016 Pre-incident actions Military personnel wear equivalent nuclear biological chemical/chemical biological radiological nuclear suits that are designed for uses extending to several days, and protection may be augmented by the use of prophylactic medication.īader S. It is also possible to provide collective protection using shelters that can be fixed, mobile, or improvised. Individuals may use a self-contained breathing apparatus, air-purifying respirator, air-purifying escape respirator, self-contained escape respirator, or powered air-purifying respirator. Suit types in Europe are designated 1–6: Type 1 is gas tight (equivalent to A in the United States), 2 protects against gases and liquids but is not gas tight (B in the United States), 3 protects against liquids rather than gases and is liquid tight, 4 is spray tight (C in the United States), 5 protects most of the body against liquids (D in the United States), and 6 protects parts of the body against liquids. Suit levels in the United States are designated A–D: Level A provides most protection, B provides more respiration protection than C, and D provides the least protection of all (inversely proportional to impingement of dexterity and comfort).
#To avoid overburdening the incident command skin
Different degrees of protection for breathing and skin are available based on knowledge of the type of agent, concentration, and associated risk. Emergency civilian personnel (i.e., police, fire and ambulance services) wear hazardous materials (‘hazmat’) suits for first response recovery and decontamination tasks (e.g., following spillages). Major incident planning (for public health protection and counterterrorism) by local government emergency services includes provision for personal protective equipment. Burr, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014 Personal Protective Equipment
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